All practice pages/Interatomic theory/Elements

92U238.03

Element 92, an actinide

Uranium

The heaviest element found in nature in quantity, the fuel of nuclear power, and the element in which radioactivity was discovered.

At a glance

Symbol
U
Atomic number
92
Average atomic mass
238.03
Group
none; it sits in the actinide row below the table
Period
7
Family
actinide
Electron configuration
[Rn] 5f³ 6d¹ 7s²
Electronegativity
1.38
Common ions
+6 most commonly, as in the uranyl ion UO₂²⁺; also +4
Isotopes
²³⁸U (99.3%), with a half-life of 4.5 billion years, and ²³⁵U (0.7%), the isotope that sustains a chain reaction

On the table

Periodic table with Uranium highlighted123456789101112131415161718123456757-7189-103HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg

Period 7, in the actinide row set below the main table. The other actinides are tinted, and every cell opens its own article.

Electrons and bonding

Radioactive, like every actinide. It gives up electrons to form positive ions.

Properties

State at 25 °C
solid
What it looks like
dense, silvery-gray metal that tarnishes in air
Melting point
1135 °C
Boiling point
4131 °C
Density
19.0 g/cm³

Where it is found

More common in the crust than silver or tin. It is mined as uraninite, also called pitchblende, and other ores, mostly in Kazakhstan, Canada, Namibia and Australia. About 2 billion years ago, uranium ore at Oklo in Gabon ran as a natural nuclear reactor.

Discovery and name

Martin Heinrich Klaproth found it in pitchblende in 1789 and named it after the planet Uranus, discovered eight years earlier. Eugène-Melchior Péligot isolated the metal in 1841, and in 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity when uranium salts fogged a wrapped photographic plate.

What it is used for

Nuclear power plants run on uranium enriched to a few percent uranium-235 and supply about a tenth of the world's electricity; uranium also fuels naval reactors and nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium, left over from enrichment, is dense enough for armor-piercing ammunition, tank armor and aircraft counterweights. Uranium glass, which glows green under ultraviolet light, was popular in the early 1900s.

In compounds

UO₂uranium dioxide, reactor fuelUF₆uranium hexafluoride, for enrichmentU₃O₈yellowcakeUO₂(NO₃)₂uranyl nitrate

Handle with care

Only weakly radioactive, but chemically toxic to the kidneys. Enriched uranium and the products of its fission are far more dangerous.