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34Se78.97

Element 34, a nonmetal

Selenium

Named for the moon, needed by your body in tiny amounts, and poisonous in slightly larger ones.

At a glance

Symbol
Se
Atomic number
34
Average atomic mass
78.97
Group
16
Period
4
Family
nonmetal
Electron configuration
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴
Valence electrons
6
Electronegativity
2.55
Common ions
Se²⁻ (selenide); +4 and +6 with oxygen

On the table

Periodic table with Selenium highlighted123456789101112131415161718123456757-7189-103HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg

Period 4, group 16. The other nonmetals are tinted, and every cell opens its own article.

Electrons and bonding

Se

A nonmetal: it gains electrons to form negative ions with metals and shares them in covalent bonds with other nonmetals.

Properties

State at 25 °C
solid
What it looks like
gray metallic crystals; it also has a red powdery form and a black glassy form
Melting point
220.5 °C
Boiling point
685 °C
Density
4.81 g/cm³

Where it is found

Rare, found with sulfur in copper and other sulfide ores, and nearly all of it is recovered during copper refining. Brazil nuts are especially rich in it.

Discovery and name

Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn found it in 1817 in the red sludge of a sulfuric acid plant. Because it resembled tellurium, named for the Earth, Berzelius named it from the Greek selene, moon.

What it is used for

Glassmaking, to cancel the green tint iron gives glass or to make it red; producing manganese metal; thin-film solar cells; and anti-dandruff shampoo, which contains selenium sulfide. Its conductivity rises in light, which made it the heart of early photocopiers and light meters. It is also added to animal feed.

In compounds

SeS₂selenium disulfide, in dandruff shampooSeO₂selenium dioxideH₂Sehydrogen selenide, very toxicCdSecadmium selenide, quantum dotsNa₂SeO₃sodium selenite, a supplement

Handle with care

An essential nutrient in micrograms and toxic in milligrams. Hydrogen selenide gas is especially dangerous.