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45Rh102.91

Element 45, a transition metal

Rhodium

One of the rarest and most expensive precious metals, working mostly out of sight inside car exhaust systems.

At a glance

Symbol
Rh
Atomic number
45
Average atomic mass
102.91
Group
9
Period
5
Family
transition metal
Electron configuration
[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹
Electronegativity
2.28
Common ions
Rh³⁺ in most compounds

On the table

Periodic table with Rhodium highlighted123456789101112131415161718123456757-7189-103HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg

Period 5, group 9. The other transition metals are tinted, and every cell opens its own article.

Electrons and bonding

Like other transition metals, rhodium loses its outer s electrons, and often some d electrons as well, to form positive ions, and it can form more than one kind.

Properties

State at 25 °C
solid
What it looks like
hard, silvery-white, highly reflective metal
Melting point
1964 °C
Boiling point
3695 °C
Density
12.4 g/cm³

Where it is found

Among the rarest elements in the crust, found with platinum in South Africa, which mines most of it, and in Russia.

Discovery and name

William Hyde Wollaston found it in 1803 in platinum ore from South America, shortly after he found palladium. He named it from the Greek rhodon, rose, for the pink color of its salts.

What it is used for

About 80% goes into catalytic converters, where it breaks down the nitrogen oxides in car exhaust. Rhodium also plates white gold jewelry for a bright finish, coats mirrors and reflectors, makes thermocouples for very hot furnaces, and catalyzes the production of several industrial chemicals.

In compounds

RhCl₃rhodium(III) chlorideRh₂O₃rhodium(III) oxideRhCl(P(C₆H₅)₃)₃Wilkinson's catalyst