All practice pages/Interatomic theory/Elements

81Tl204.38

Element 81, a post-transition metal

Thallium

A soft metal named for a green spectral line, and a tasteless, odorless poison once called the poisoner's poison.

At a glance

Symbol
Tl
Atomic number
81
Average atomic mass
204.38
Group
13
Period
6
Family
post-transition metal
Electron configuration
[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹
Valence electrons
3
Electronegativity
1.62
Common ions
Tl⁺ and Tl³⁺

On the table

Periodic table with Thallium highlighted123456789101112131415161718123456757-7189-103HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg

Period 6, group 13. The other post-transition metals are tinted, and every cell opens its own article.

Electrons and bonding

Tl

A metal that gives up its valence electrons to form positive ions, though less readily than the metals to its left.

Properties

State at 25 °C
solid
What it looks like
soft, bluish-gray metal that tarnishes in air
Melting point
304 °C
Boiling point
1473 °C
Density
11.8 g/cm³

Where it is found

Rare, found in trace amounts in sulfide ores of zinc, lead and copper and recovered from the dust of smelting them.

Discovery and name

William Crookes found it in 1861 as a bright green line in the spectrum of residue from a sulfuric acid plant, and Claude-Auguste Lamy isolated the metal in 1862. Crookes named it from the Greek thallos, green shoot.

What it is used for

Infrared detectors and optics, special low-melting glass, and electronics. Thallium-201 was long used in heart scans. Thallium sulfate was once a rat poison and insecticide, but it is now banned in many countries.

In compounds

Tl₂SO₄thallium(I) sulfate, a former rat poisonTlBrthallium bromide, infrared opticsTl₂O₃thallium(III) oxide

Handle with care

Extremely toxic, and it can be absorbed through the skin. Its salts have no taste or smell, which made them a favorite of poisoners. Prussian blue is the antidote.